Mysterud A. The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual body size dimorphism in large herbivores. Oecologia. 2000;124:40–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bell RH. A grazing ecosystem in the Serengeti. Sci Am. 1971;225:86–93.
Article
Google Scholar
Jarman P. The social organisation of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour. 1974;48:215–67.
Article
Google Scholar
Perez-Barberia FJ, Pérez-Fernández E, Robertson E, Alvarez-Enriquez B. Does the Jarman–Bell principle at intra-specific level explain sexual segregation in polygynous ungulates? Sex differences in forage digestibility in Soay sheep. Oecologia. 2008;157:21–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Post DM, Armbrust TS, Horne EA, Goheen JR. Sexual segregation results in differences in content and quality of bison (Bos bison) diets. J Mammal. 2001;82:407–13.
Article
Google Scholar
Ruckstuhl KE. Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep. Anim Behav. 1998;56:99–106.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Du Toit JT. Sex differences in the foraging ecology of large mammalian herbivores. In: Ruckstuhl K, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 35–52.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Bowyer RT. Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management. J Mammal. 2004;85:1039–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Main MB, Du Toit JT. Sex differences in reproductive strategies affect habitat choice in ungulates. In: Ruckstuhl K, Neuhaus P, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 148–62.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Ruckstuhl KE, Neuhaus P. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2002;77:77–96.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berger J, Peacock M. Variability in size–weight relationships of Bison bison. J Mammal. 1988;69:618–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Main MB, Weckerly FW, Bleich VC. Sexual segregation in ungulates: new directions for research. J Mammal. 1996;77:449–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Robbins C. Wildlife feeding and nutrition. Atlanta: Elsevier; 2012.
Google Scholar
Forsyth DM, Duncan RP, Tustin KG, Gaillard J-M. A substantial energetic cost to male reproduction in a sexually dimorphic ungulate. Ecology. 2005;86:2154–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Larter NC. Diet and habitat selection of an erupting wood bison population. Master’s thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver; 1988.
Mooring MS, Reisig DD, Osborne ER, Kanallakan AL, Hall BM, Schaad EW, et al. Sexual segregation in bison: a test of multiple hypotheses. Behaviour. 2005;142:897–927.
Article
Google Scholar
Gogan PJP, Podruzny KM, Olexa EM, Pac HI, Frey KL. Yellowstone bison fetal development and phenology of parturition. J Wildl Manag. 2005;69:1716–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Christianson DA, Gogan PJP, Podruzny KM, Olexa EM. Incisor wear and age in Yellowstone bison. Wildl Soc Bull. 2005;33:669–76.
Article
Google Scholar
Gardipee FM. Development of fecal DNA sampling methods to assess genetic population structure of Greater Yellowstone bison. Master’s thesis. The University of Montana, Missoula; 2007.
Becker MS, Garrott RA, White PJ, Gower CN, Bergman EJ, Jaffe R. Wolf prey selection in an elk–bison system: choice or circumstance? Terr Ecol. 2008;3:305–37.
Article
Google Scholar
Smith D, Stahler D, Albers E, Metz M, Williamson L, Ehlers N, et al. Yellowstone wolf project: annual report 2008 (YCR-2009-03). National Park Service, Yellowstone center for resources; 2009.
Despain DG. Two climates of Yellowstone National Park. Proc Mont Acad Sci. 1987;47:11–9.
Google Scholar
Despain DG. Yellowstone vegetation: consequences of environment and history in a natural setting. Boulder: Roberts Rinehart Publishers; 1990.
Google Scholar
Fournier RO. Geochemistry and dynamics of the Yellowstone National Park hydrothermal system. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci. 1989;17:13–53.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Garrott RA, Eberhardt LL, Otton JK, White PJ, Chaffee MA. A geochemical trophic cascade in Yellowstone’s geothermal environments. Ecosystems. 2002;5:659–66.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gates CC, Stelfox B, Muhly T, Chowns T, Hudson RJ. The ecology of bison movements and distribution in and beyond Yellowstone National Park: a critical review with implications for winter use and transboundary population management. The United States National Park Service; 2005.
Smith DW, Mech LD, Meagher M, Clark WE, Jaffe R, Phillips MK, et al. Wolf–bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park. J Mammal. 2000;81:1128–35.
Article
Google Scholar
Smith DW, Drummer TD, Murphy KM, Guernsey DS, Evans SB. Winter prey selection and estimation of wolf kill rates in Yellowstone National Park, 1995–2000. J Wildl Manag. 2004;68:153–66.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
McDonald T, Carlson E, Patterson A, Zaluski M, Jones A, McDonald K, et al. 2012 Annual report of the interagency bison management plant. 2012.
White PJ, Wallen RL, Hallac DE, Jerrett JA, editors. Yellowstone bison—conserving an american icon in modern society. Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone Association; 2015.
Google Scholar
Leslie DM, Bowyer RT, Jenks JA. Facts from feces: nitrogen still measures up as a nutritional index for mammalian herbivores. J Wildl Manag. 2008;72:1420–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Cerling T, Harris J, Leakey M. Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans. Oecologia. 1999;120:364–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stallcup OT, Davis GV, Shields L. Influence of dry matter and nitrogen intakes on fecal nitrogen losses in cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1975;58:1301–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lancaster RJ. Estimation of digestibility of grazed pasture from faeces nitrogen. Nature. 1949;163:330–1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cerling T, Harris J. Carbon isotope fractionation between diet and bioapatite in ungulate mammals and implications for ecological and paleoecological studies. Oecologia. 1999;120:347–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deniro M, Epstein S. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1978;42:495–506.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Phillips DL. Converting isotope values to diet composition: the use of mixing models. J Mammal. 2012;93:342–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Angerbjörn A, Hersteinsson P, Lidén K, Nelson E. Dietary variation in arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus)—an analysis of stable carbon isotopes. Oecologia. 1994;99:226–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stewart KM, Bowyer RT, Kie JG, Dick BL, Ben-David M. Niche partitioning among mule deer, elk, and cattle: do stable isotopes reflect dietary niche? Ecoscience. 2003;10:297–302.
Article
Google Scholar
Newsome SD, Tinker MT, Monson DH, Oftedal OT, Ralls K, Staedler MM, et al. Using stable isotopes to investigate individual diet specialization in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Ecology. 2009;90:961–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ambrose SH. Effects of diet, climate and physiology on nitrogen isotope abundances in terrestrial foodwebs. J Archaeol Sci. 1991;18:293–317.
Article
Google Scholar
Schoeninger MJ, DeNiro MJ. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1984;48:625–39.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sealy JC, van der Merwe NJ, Thorp JAL, Lanham JL. Nitrogen isotopic ecology in southern Africa: implications for environmental and dietary tracing. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1987;51:2707–17.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Glimcher MJ. Bone: nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural, and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation. Rev Mineral Geochem. 2006;64:223–82.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Koch PL. Isotopic study of the biology of modern and fossil vertebrates. In: Michener R, Lajtha K, editors. Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008. p. 99–154.
Google Scholar
Rubenstein D, Hobson K. From birds to butterflies: animal movement patterns and stable isotopes. Trends Ecol Evol. 2004;19:256–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rutley BD, Hudson RJ. Seasonal energetic parameters of free-grazing bison (Bison bison). Can J Anim Sci. 2000;80:663–71.
Article
Google Scholar
Reynolds HW, Gates CC, Glaholt RD. Bison. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation. 2nd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2003. p. 1009–60.
Google Scholar
Frison GC, Reher CA. Age determination of buffalo by teeth eruption and wear. Plain Anthropol. 1970;15:46–50.
Google Scholar
Skinner MF, Kaisen OC. The fossil bison of Alaska and preliminary revision of the genus. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 1947;89:1–154.
Google Scholar
Shackleton DM, Hills LV, Hutton DA. Aspects of variation in cranial characters of plains bison (Bison bison bison Linnaeus) from Elk Island National Park, Alberta. J Mammal. 1975;56:871–87.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Edwards JK, Marchinton RL, Smith GF. Pelvic girdle criteria for sex determination of white-tailed deer. J Wildl Manag. 1982;46:544–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Tyler NJC. Sexual dimorphism in the pelvic bones of Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus. J Zool. 1987;213:147–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959;37:911–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burton RK, Koch PL. Isotopic tracking of foraging and long-distance migration in northeastern Pacific pinnipeds. Oecologia. 1999;119:578–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. Bartlett’s test of homogeneity of variances. Biometry. San Francisco: WH Freeman and Co.; 1969. p. 370–89.
Google Scholar
Clementz MT, Koch PL. Differentiating aquatic mammal habitat and foraging ecology with stable isotopes in tooth enamel. Oecologia. 2001;129:461–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013. http://www.R-project.org. Accessed 7 Mar 2014.
Clutton-Brock TH, Guinness FE, Albon SD. Red deer: behavior and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1982.
Google Scholar
Komers PE, Messier F, Gates CC. Group structure in wood bison: nutritional and reproductive determinants. Can J Zool. 1993;71:1367–71.
Article
Google Scholar
Kie JG, Bowyer RT. Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: density-dependent changes in use of space, habitat selection, and dietary niche. J Mammal. 1999;80:1004–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Gallina S, Sánchez-Rojas G, Buenrostro-Silva A, López-González CA. Comparison of faecal nitrogen concentration between sexes of white-tailed deer in a tropical dry forest in southern Mexico. Ethol Ecol Evol. 2015;27:103–15.
Article
Google Scholar
Festa-Bianchet M. Seasonal range selection in bighorn sheep: conflicts between forage quality, forage quantity, and predator avoidance. Oecologia. 1988;75:580–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Conradt L. Definitions, hypotheses, models and measures in the study of animal segregation. In: Ruckstuhl K, Neuhaus PJP, editors. Sexual segregation in vertebrates: ecology of the two sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 11–32.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Lima SL, Dill LM. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can J Zool. 1990;68:619–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Altendorf KB, Laundré JW, López González CA, Brown JS. Assessing effects of predation risk on foraging behavior of mule deer. J Mammal. 2001;82:430–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Hernández L, Laundré JW. Foraging in the “landscape of fear” and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of elk Cervus elaphus and bison Bison bison. Wildl Biol. 2005;11:215–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Wolff JO. Breeding strategies, mate choice, and reproductive success in American bison. Oikos. 1998;83:529–44.
Article
Google Scholar
Bowyer RT, Bleich VC, Manteca X, Whiting JC, Stewart KM. Sociality, mate choice, and timing of mating in American bison (Bison bison): effects of large males. Ethology. 2007;113:1048–60.
Article
Google Scholar
Conradt L, Gordon IJ, Clutton-Brock TH, Thomson D, Guinness FE. Could the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter-sexual site segregation in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)? J Zool. 2001;254:185–93.
Article
Google Scholar
Conradt L, Clutton-Brock TH, Thomson D. Habitat segregation in ungulates: are males forced into suboptimal foraging habitats through indirect competition by females? Oecologia. 1999;119:367–77.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barboza PS, Bowyer RT. Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis. J Mammal. 2000;81:473–89.
Article
Google Scholar
Schroeder CA, Bowyer RT, Bleich VC, Stephenson TR. Sexual segregation in Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis sierrae: ramifications for conservation. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 2010;42:476–89.
Article
Google Scholar
Miquelle DG. Why don’t bull moose eat during the rut? Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 1990;27:145–51.
Article
Google Scholar
Darimont CT, Paquet PC, Reimchen TE. Stable isotopic niche predicts fitness of prey in a wolf–deer system. Biol J Linn Soc. 2007;90:125–37.
Article
Google Scholar
Schwertl M, Auerswald K, Schäufele R, Schnyder H. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of cattle hair: ecological fingerprints of production systems? Agric Eco Environ. 2005;109:153–65.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Feranec RS. Stable carbon isotope values reveal evidence of resource partitioning among ungulates from modern C3-dominated ecosystems in North America. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 2007;252:575–85.
Article
Google Scholar
Singer FJ, Norland JE. Niche relationships within a guild of ungulate species in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, following release from artificial controls. Can J Zool. 1994;72:1383–94.
Article
Google Scholar
Fox-Dobbs K, Bump JK, Peterson RO, Fox DL, Koch PL. Carnivore-specific stable isotope variables and variation in the foraging ecology of modern and ancient wolf populations: case studies from Isle Royale, Minnesota, and La Brea. Can J Zool. 2007;85:458–71.
Article
Google Scholar