Overall winner
Our overall winning image of a magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) chick, was taken by David Costantini from the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Fig. 1). This large seabird is found over the tropical and subtropical waters off America, as well as the Cape Verde islands and Galápagos Islands. The chick is suffering from a viral infection from which it isn’t likely to recover. David Costantini says “The photograph was taken in French Guiana, where viral outbreaks affect annually a population of frigatebirds. An ongoing research project is trying to figure out the causes and consequences of this disease and to find out solutions for the conservation of the local frigatebird population, which is one of the most important of South America”.
Our Conservation Ecology and Biodiversity Research section editors both recommended the entry. Luke Jacobus states that “This image is timely as—at this writing—the world focuses on the interaction between a virus and a metapopulation of animals, which happens to be comprised of humans. It is my hope that lessons from ecology and conservation biology will bear fruit and help us to rise, meet and mitigate this challenge and to improve responses in the future”. Josef Settele said: “I found this picture important because of the message behind it. While everybody nowadays is aware of viruses and their potential impact on humans, we must not forget that there are numerous diseases out there which are affecting many different species—and that these diseases are part of nature and our environment. Although natural, it may be us humans who often disturb the balance which may lead to pandemics for humans and others species alike.”
Runner up
Our runner up this year provides quite a visual contrast to our overall winner, showcasing the vibrant colors of a forest green lizard (Fig. 2).
This reptile lives in forests in India and Sri Lanka and is one of the larger species of iguanian lizard. The photographer, Dr S S Suresh from the Ibri Regional Referral Hospital in Oman, describes how they came across their beautiful subject: “It was my routine travel home to Kerala and I had planned an outing to fulfill my desire and passion to capture some wildlife images, soon after my obligatory visits to meet my family and friends. Final arrangements were set and the rest was a feeling of excitement with a shade of anxiety. The climate was not on my side, as it was a wet, gloomy season. As usual, packed with positivity, I set out on a rainy November morning accompanied by two forest rangers. It was a mix of fun-filled and bizarre feeling as we trekked those long and hardy 10 km, covered with dense evergreen forests of Kerala. Brimming with euphoria, my utmost sole aim was to capture a tiger or at least a wild dog through the lenses. I was not disheartened as the tigers remained invisible but was delighted to spot a few species of birds such as the drongos, small minivets and a few wetland birds as we explored the sanctuary. However, luck was on my side, as my friends spotted a flamboyant pair of lizards in their breeding plumage. I was elated and that made my day”.
Josef Settele singles the image out for a special mention saying: “I simply found this picture so beautiful and in contrast to the winner “Sick” that I thought it would nicely pair up with my winner selection and especially show the spectrum of how species can appear to the observer.”
Behavioral and physiological ecology
Our winner in this category is entitled “Zombie fungus” and was taken by Damien Esquerré from the Australian National University (Fig. 3). He says that the photograph shows “some species of weevil (Curculionidae), that got infected and killed by Cordyceps, known as the “zombie fungus”, that infects specific species of insects, controls their behaviour and ultimately kills them. The fungus then comes out of its body to release spores to continue its cycle”.
Section editor Dominique Mazzi says “it perfectly captures the helplessness of the weevil affected by the fungus, which before killing its host takes over its behaviour, likely in order to enhance the fungus’ transmission. The off-focus fellow adds to the dark atmosphere of the image, contrasted against its shrill colours, and appears just as doomed, meekly waiting its turn to surrender its fate to the fungus’ benefits”.
Community, population and macroecology
The winning image in this category is that of a ghost crab, taken by HaoYun Zhuang from Fuzhou University (Fig. 4). These crabs are commonly found on the beaches of tropical and subtropical regions across the world, including in China, where this picture was taken. Their name is a reflection of both their nocturnal nature and their pale coloring. HaoYun Zhuang mentions in their description that this “ghost crab is hiding in the shadow of human’s footprint” and that they “dig caves in the beach meanwhile they can move very fast to escape from the predators like egrets”.
Conservation ecology and biodiversity research
Our winner in this category was an entry by Zu-Chang Xu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It demonstrates a phenomenon called “crown shyness”, whereby the crowns of fully stocked trees do not touch each other, resulting in a canopy with channel-like gaps. It is most often seen among trees of the same species, but can happen among groups of trees of different species as well. And indeed, this latter scenario is what is being shown in the image (see Fig. 5) as Zu-Chang Xu explains “ In the forest system, different species’ response to the climate is not synchronized, and there is a “ Crown shyness” effect between the canopies of the trees, thus forming a special forest pattern. This picture combines these two elements to form a wonderful landscape”.
Judge Luke Jacobus states that the photograph “illustrates different aspects of biodiversity, including species richness and relative abundance. The various colors are an accessible and immediately recognizable proxy for more technical measures of forest diversity.”
Landscape ecology and ecosystems
Kang Xu, who is from the College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University is our winner in this category, submitting a stunning image of a wind farm in China’s Gobi Desert (Fig. 6). They state that “China has led the global wind market for ten consecutive years, accounting for 35% of the global installed capacity. Guazhou, which is in Gansu Province and is known as the “World Wind Library”, owns the largest wind farm cohort in the world. Currently, the wind energy generated in Guazhou can reach levels greater than 20 GW, which is roughly equivalent to that of all of Spain (i.e., 23 GW in 2017, ranked fifth in the world after Germany). Our previous study demonstrated that constructing wind turbines in the Gobi Desert is a win–win strategy that both contributes to the growth of desert vegetation with a favourable microclimate and sufficiently utilizes wind power to produce clean energy. During the field study, we took the spectacular photograph of the largest wind farm-desert coupled ecosystem”.
Editors pick
My choice as the Editor is entitled “The Kings Bath” and it was captured by Nayden Chakarov from Bielefeld University, Germany (Fig. 7).
It shows a large sea duck called the king eider having a splash in the water. I chose it due to the vibrancy of the image of the bird against an almost monochrome background as well as it being in stark contrast to our overall winner of this competition.
Nayden Chakarov tells us more “King eiders breed only in the highest Arctic territories. Along with other eider ducks, kings are known for their extremely insulating feathers. During the long Polar winter, king eiders migrate south and spend most time in the open ocean. Occasionally kings visit the harbours of Nordaustlandet and other relatively “warm” territories, where they eagerly feed and bathe in the shallow waters. Opportunistic breeding leads to strong fluctuations in size and reproductive success of king eider populations, depending on the suitability of environmental conditions. Despite its large range and population size, this northernmost duck species may be severely impacted by rising temperatures in the high Arctic”.
In short, it’s a cheerful photo of a duck having a wash.