Fig. 1

Comparisons of developmental time for 1st and 5th generation Sitobion avenae clones under three treatments. DT1 to DT4 (a–d), the developmental time of 1st to 4th instar nymphs; WW, well-watered treatment; IS, intermediate water deficit; SS, severe water deficit; data with different uppercase and lowercase letters indicate significant differences (α = 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey tests) among treatments for generation one and five, respectively; stars in bars indicate significant differences between generation one and five within a treatment for a particular area (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001)