Fig. 3

Schematic representation of pack dynamics, as indicated by changes in the breeding pairs, in the study area over the study period. Only known breeders are shown; circles denote females and squares males. Inferred years of reproduction are shown next to each alpha pair. Solid arrows show individuals’ dispersal from natal locations and dotted arrows show mate switching and dispersal of established breeders. Individuals with no parents indicated have uncertain or unsampled parents; see Fig. 2 for the finalized pedigree and Additional file 1: Table S2 for full details of the pedigree fit. Pack areas are approximate and do not reflect real territory boundaries; they are only drawn for illustration. True locations of all samples are shown in Fig. 1