Table 3 Standardized total effects from structural equation model (ϵ), combining indirect and direct effects
| Â | Fertilizer application | Cutting frequency | FG manipulation | Plant productivity | Plant species richness | Leafhopper abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant productivity | 0.587*** | -0.793*** | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Plant species richness | -0.117 | 0.158 | -0.613*** | -0.200 | Â | Â |
Leafhopper abundance | 0.067 | 0.368*** | 0.348*** | 0.113 | -0.568** | Â |
Leafhopper diversity | -0.029 | -0.080* | 0.379* | -0.050 | 0.249 | 0.659** |