Fig. 3
Mean CO2 flux estimates (µmol m−2 s−1) ± 96% confidence interval (CI) on plots with and without herbivore exclosures combined with and without Salix transplants during mid-growing season for alpine Empetrum-heath, meadow and Salix-shrub plant communities in the Dovre Mountains, Central Norway. Estimates based on linear mixed models with plot as a random factor (n = 177). Top: Ecosystem respiration (ER). Middle: Net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Bottom: gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP). Within the heath ER was significantly lower with exclosure (p = 0.021, Tukey)