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Table 3 Model-averaged predictive models for effect of each parameter on Hb levels: model-averaged fixed effects parameter estimates for: (a) total infections, (b) Leucocytozoon, (c) Haemoproteus, (d) Plasmodium, and (e) mixed infections with relative importance (RI) of each parameter

From: Do avian blood parasites influence hypoxia physiology in a high elevation environment?

Parameter

Estimate (β)

SE

Z-value

P value

Confidence interval

RI

(a) Total infections (n = 257)

 (Intercept)

17.20

0.95

18.07

< 0.0001

(15.34, 19.07)

NA

 Intensity

− 0.22

0.12

1.75

0.07

(− 0.47, 0.02)

1.00

 Breed (1 = breeding season)

− 0.70

0.49

1.42

0.15

(− 1.66, 0.26)

1.00

 Elevation_medium

0.35

0.23

1.53

0.12

(− 0.09, 0.80)

1.00

 Elevation_high

0.96

0.32

3.00

0.001

(0.33, 1.59)

1.00

 EM (1 = elevational migrant)

1.52

0.77

1.96

0.04

(0.007, 3.05)

1.00

 Breed: intensity

0.36

0.17

2.11

0.03

(0.02, 0.69)

1.00

 EM: intensity

− 0.09

0.17

0.51

0.60

(− 0.43, 0.25)

0.28

(b) Leucocytozoon (L) (n = 229)

 (Intercept)

18.71

1.05

17.70

< 0.0001

(16.64, 20.78)

NA

 L_intensity

− 0.25

0.11

2.17

0.02

(− 0.48, − 0.02)

0.81

 Breed (1 = breeding season)

− 0.38

0.60

0.64

0.52

(− 1.58, 0.80)

0.81

 Elevation_medium

0.31

0.24

1.26

0.20

(− 1.72, 0.79)

1.00

 Elevation_high

1.07

0.35

3.05

0.001

(0.38, 1.76)

1.00

 EM (1 = elevational migrant)

− 1.02

0.65

1.56

0.11

(− 2.31, 0.26)

0.81

 Breed: L_intensity

0.32

0.18

1.76

0.07

(− 0.03, 0.69)

0.49

(c) Haemoproteus (H) (n = 59)

 (Intercept)

17.42

1.98

8.72

< 0.0001

(13.52, 21.31)

NA

 H_intensity

− 0.03

0.47

0.08

0.93

(− 0.96, 0.88)

0.73

 EM (1 = elevational migrant)

3.36

1.88

1.78

0.07

(− 0.32, 7.05)

0.50

 EM: H_intensity

− 0.83

0.43

1.90

0.05

(− 1.68, 0.02)

0.38

 Breed (1 = breeding season)

− 0.53

1.37

0.39

0.69

(− 3.22, 2.15)

0.36

 Breed: H_intensity

0.53

0.36

1.46

0.14

(− 0.17, 1.24)

0.22

(d) Plasmodium (P) (n = 18)

 (Intercept)

17.33

0.48

35.51

< 0.0001

(16.37, 18.28)

NA

 EM (1 = elevational migrant)

2.47

0.60

4.10

0.0001

(1.29, 3.65)

0.73

 Breed (1 = breeding season)

0.98

0.52

1.88

0.05

(− 0.03, 2.00)

0.27

(e) Mixed infectionsa (n = 42)

 Intensity

− 0.54

0.19

− 2.78

0.005

  
  1. aParameter estimate based on the best model