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Table 1 Annual percentage of feeding records on different food items from each plant species among the four Bale monkey groups

From: Dietary flexibility of Bale monkeys (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) in southern Ethiopia: effects of habitat degradation and life in fragments

Family Percentage of feeding records for each food item
Species consumed Growth form BYL NBYL SH FL FR ST PT S IN OS Total
Continuous A
 Poaceae Arundinaria alpina Bamboo 57.69 – 19.66 – – – – – – 2.02 79.37
 Rubiaceae Galiniera saxifraga Tree – 0.15 – – 7.38 – – – – – 7.53
 Sterculiaceae Dombeya torrida Tree – – – 5.96 – – – – – – 5.96
 Asteraceae Mikaniopsis clematoides Liana – 2.37 – – – – – – – 0.06 2.43
 Urticaceae Urera hypselodendron Liana – 0.03 – – – 0.85 – – – – 0.89
 Poaceae Bothriochloa radicans Graminoid – 0.72 – – – – – – – 0.06 0.78
 Vitaceae Cypostemma adenocaule Liana – 0.20 – – – – – – – – 0.20
 Rubiaceae Galium spurium Forb – 0.16 – – – – – – – – 0.16
 Rosaceae Rubus apetalus Shrub – 0.03 – – 0.06 0.03 – – – – 0.12
 Asclepiadaceae Oxystelma bornouense Liana – 0.06 – – – – – – – – 0.06
 Sapindaceae Allophylus macrobotrys Tree – – – – 0.06 – – – – – 0.06
 Acanthaceae Acanthopale pubescens Forb – 0.03 – – – – – – – – 0.03
  Insects   – – – – – – – – 2.42 – 2.42
 Total    57.69 3.76 19.66 5.96 7.50 0.88 – – 2.42 2.14 100.00
Continuous B
 Poaceae Arundinaria alpina Bamboo 64.20 – 17.59 – – – – – – 1.26 83.05
 Rubiaceae Galiniera saxifraga Tree – 0.19 – 0.03 5.36 – – – – – 5.58
 Sterculiaceae Dombeya torrida Tree – – – 4.51 – – – – – – 4.51
 Asteraceae Mikaniopsis clematoides Liana – 2.16 – – – – – – – – 2.16
 Urticaceae Urera hypselodendron Liana – 0.26 – – – 1.74 – – – – 2.00
 Poaceae Bothriochloa radicans Graminoid – 0.63 – – – – – – – 0.05 0.68
 Vitaceae Cypostemma adenocaule Liana – 0.43 – – – – – – – – 0.43
 Acanthaceae Acanthopale pubescens Forb – 0.08 – – – – – – – – 0.08
  Insects   – – – – – – – – 1.50 – 1.50
 Total    64.20 3.76 17.59 4.54 5.36 1.74 – – 1.50 1.31 100.00
Patchy fragment
 Poaceae Arundinaria alpina Bamboo 15.70 – 13.34 – – – – – – 1.14 30.18
 Apiaceae Centellia asiatica Forb – 12.76 – – – – – – – – 12.76
 Rubiaceae Galiniera saxifraga Tree – 0.05 – – 7.35 – – – – – 7.39
 Rosaceae Rubus apetalus Shrub – 0.04 – – 6.08 0.82 – – – – 6.94
 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Graminoid – 3.85 – – – 0.86 – – – – 4.71
 Fabaceae Trifolium tembense Forb – 4.16 – – – – – – – – 4.16
 Rubiaceae Canthium oligocarpum Tree – 0.17 – 0.23 3.49 – – – – 0.03 3.91
 Poaceae Hordeum vulgare a Graminoid – 0.17 – – – – – 3.44 – – 3.61
 Poaceae Poa annua Graminoid – 0.96 – – – – – 2.28 – – 3.25
 Myrsinaceae Maesa lanceolata Tree – – – – 2.74 0.36 – – – – 3.10
 Aquifo liaceae Ilex mitis Tree – 0.48 – 0.43 0.22 1.02 – – – – 2.15
 Musaceae Ensete ventricosum a Forb – 0.09 1.00 – – 0.87 – – – – 1.96
 Papilionaceae Erythrina brucei Tree – 0.32 – – – 0.68 0.10 – – 0.02 1.11
 Poaceae Zea mays a Graminoid – – – – 1.05 0.05 – – – – 1.09
 Apiaceae Agrocharis melanantha Forb – 0.98 – – – – – – – – 0.98
 Asteraceae Carduus schimperi Forb – – – 0.33 0.02 0.51 – – – – 0.85
 Urticaceae Urera hypselodendron Liana – – – – 0.19 0.59 – – – – 0.78
 Asteraceae Bothriocline schimperi Shrub – – – – – 0.62 – – – – 0.62
 Araceae Arisaema schimperianum Forb – 0.12 – – – 0.40 – – – – 0.52
 Poaceae Pennisetum thunbergii Graminoid – 0.40 – – – – – – – – 0.40
 Poaceae Bothriochloa radicans Graminoid – 0.37 – – – – – – – – 0.37
 Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata Forb – 0.33 – – – 0.02 – – – – 0.35
 Amaryllidaceae Allium sp. Graminoid – 0.22 – – – – – – – 0.05 0.27
 Polygonaceae Rumex nepalensis Forb – 0.26 – – – – – – – – 0.26
 Fabaceae Trifolium substerraneum Forb – 0.23 – – – – – – – – 0.23
 Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum a Forb – 0.20 – – 0.02 – – – – – 0.22
 Poaceae Deschampsia caespitosa Graminoid – – – – – – – 0.21 – – 0.21
 Rosaceae Hagenia abyssinica Tree – – – – – – 0.19 – – – 0.19
 Oleaceae Jasminum abyssinicum Liana – 0.08 – – 0.10 – – – – – 0.18
 Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Tree – – – – – – – 0.15 – – 0.15
 Myrsinaceae Embelia schimperi Liana – 0.03 – – 0.09 0.02 – – – – 0.14
 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria abyssinica Liana – – – – 0.14 – – – – – 0.14
 Balsaminaceae Impatiens hochstetteri Forb – – – – – 0.12 – – – – 0.12
 Poaceae Avena fatua Graminoid – 0.11 – – – – – – – – 0.11
 Rubiaceae Galium spurium Forb – 0.10 – – – – – – – – 0.10
 Cupressaceae Juniperus procera Tree – – – – 0.09 – – – – – 0.09
 Agaricaceae Mushroom Fungi – – – – – – – – – 0.09 0.09
 Poaceae Snowdenia polystacha Graminoid – 0.09 – – – – – – – – 0.09
 Asclepiadaceae Oxystelma bornouense Liana – 0.08 – – – – – – – – 0.08
 Asteraceae Vernonia sp. Shrub – – – – – 0.06 – – – – 0.06
 Compositae Lactuca glandulifera Liana – 0.06 – – – – – – – – 0.06
 Lamiaceae Pycnostachys eminii Shrub – – – – – 0.06 – – – – 0.06
 Poaceae Cyperus rigidifolius Graminoid – – – – – 0.05 – – – – 0.05
 Asteraceae Carduus leptacanthus Forb – – – – – 0.04 – – – – 0.04
 Poaceae Eleusine floccifolia Graminoid – 0.04 – – – – – – – – 0.04
 Lamiaceae Plectranthus alpinus Forb – – – 0.02 – – – – – – 0.02
 Asphodelaceae Kniphofia sp. Forb – 0.02 – – – – – – – – 0.02
 Lamiaceae Plectranthus garckeanus Forb – – – – – 0.02 – – – – 0.02
  Unidentified Grass Graminoid – 1.63 – – – – – – – – 1.63
  Unidentified Herb Forb – 0.85 – – – – – – – – 0.85
  Insects   – – – – – – – – 3.34 – 3.34
 Total    15.70 29.19 14.34 1.00 21.58 7.15 0.29 6.08 3.34 1.32 100.00
Hilltop fragment
 Poaceae Bothriochloa radicans Graminoid – 15.27 – – – – – – – – 15.27
 Rubiaceae Galiniera saxifraga Tree – – – – 11.73 0.05 – – – – 11.77
 Rosaceae Rubus apetalus Shrub – – – – 7.47 1.95 – – – – 9.41
 Rosaceae Hagenia abyssinica Tree – – – – – – 8.44 – – – 8.44
 Asteraceae Bothriocline schimperi Shrub – – – – – 8.06 – – – – 8.06
 Apiaceae Centellia asiatica Forb – 7.92 – – – – – – – – 7.92
 Aquifoliaceae Ilex mitis Tree – – – 2.28 – 3.51 – – – – 5.79
 Apiaceae Haplosciadium abyssinicum Forb – 3.52 – – – – – – – – 3.52
 Urticaceae Urera hypselodendron Liana – – – – 0.71 1.69 – – – – 2.40
 Poaceae Arundinaria alpina Bamboo 1.34 – 0.27 – – – – – – – 1.61
 Commelinaceae Commelina sp. Forb – 0.31 – – – 1.11 – – – – 1.42
 Fabaceae Trifolium tembense Forb – 1.08 – – – – – – – – 1.08
 Asteraceae Crassocephalum macropappus Forb – 0.79 – – – 0.21 – – – – 1.00
 Cupressaceae Juniperus procera Tree – – – – 1.00 – – – – – 1.00
 Lamiaceae Plectranthus alpinus Forb – 0.22 – 0.07 – 0.59 – – – – 0.88
 Poaceae Poa annua Graminoid – 0.19 – – – – – 0.50 – – 0.69
 Urticaceae Pilea rivularis Forb – 0.17 – – – 0.33 – – – – 0.50
 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Graminoid – 0.49 – – – – – – – – 0.49
 Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata Forb – 0.29 – – – 0.11 – – – – 0.39
 Balsaminaceae Impatiens hochstetteri Forb – – – 0.04 – 0.34 – – – – 0.38
 Asteraceae Mikaniopsis clematoides Liana – 0.11 – – – 0.22 – – – – 0.33
  Keshansho Graminoid – 0.33 – – – – – – – – 0.33
 Asteraceae Carduus schimperi Forb – – – 0.11 – 0.09 – – – – 0.20
 Asteraceae Vernonia rueppellii Shrub – 0.02 – – – 0.11 – – – – 0.13
 Solanaceae Discopodium penninervium Tree – 0.04 – 0.09 – – – – – – 0.13
 Papilionaceae Erythrina brucei Tree – – – – – 0.03 0.10 – – – 0.12
 Rosaceae Alchemilla fischeri Forb – 0.12 – – – – – – – – 0.12
 Poaceae Zea mays a Graminoid – – – – 0.11 – – – – – 0.11
 Olaeaceae Jasminum abyssinicum Liana – 0.11 – – – – – – – – 0.11
 Asteraceae Echinops sp. Forb – – – – – 0.09 – – – – 0.09
 Urticaceae Girardinia bullosa Forb – 0.09 – – – – – – – – 0.09
 Capparaceae Ritchiea albersii Tree – – – – – – 0.05 – – – 0.05
 Urticaceae Urtica simensis Forb – 0.04 – – – – – – – – 0.04
 Agaricaceae Agaricaceae sp. Fungi – – – – – – – – – 0.03 0.03
 Crassulaceae Crassula alsinoides Forb – 0.02 – – – – – – – – 0.02
  Sheshako Shrub – – – – – 0.02 – – – – 0.02
  Unidentified Grass Graminoid – 1.46 – – – – – – – – 1.46
  Unidentified Herb Forb – 0.88 – – – – – – – – 0.88
  Insects   – – – – – – – – 13.68 – 13.68
 Total    1.34 33.49 0.27 2.59 21.02 18.50 8.59 0.50 13.68 0.03 100.00
  1. aCultivated food species
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BMC Ecology

ISSN: 1472-6785

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