Table 1 Study region overview with average intraspecific trait variation levels

Latitude (°N)

49.9

51.1

52.4

53.1

55.7

59.3

63.4

63.8

68.4

Longitude (°E)

2.3

3.7

13.1

8.8

13.2

18.1

10.4

20.3

18.8

MAP (mm)

634

754

566

732

653

527

884

572

387

GDH A. nemorosa (10³ h)

12.29

10.72

9.71

9.77

8.00

10.28

–

7.66

–

GDH M. effusum (10³ h)

16.55

17.92

18.27

16.50

15.17

–

–

11.68

11.99

GDH I. glandulifera (10³ h)

47.41

47.24

–

42.29

38.35

39.30

31.71

–

–

Anemone nemorosa

# pops

6

5

6

6

3

6

0

5

0

37

Plant height CV

16.8

13.5

12.4

11.6

10.4

13.4

–

14.1

–

13.5

Seed mass CV

25.8

26.2

22.3

20.8

18.0

23.3

–

29.0

–

23.9

SLA CV

15.0

10.9

10.3

10.4

7.6

11.8

–

11.3

–

11.4

Leaf area CV

36.1

31.4

37.3

27.9

24.3

29.2

–

32.8

–

32.1

Milium effusum

# pops

5

4

6

6

6

0

0

6

6

39

Plant height CV

22.4

18.1

14.3

14.5

12.0

–

–

10.8

11.0

14.3

Seed mass CV

23.6

20.9

26.8

16.9

17.6

–

–

19.9

22.7

21.2

SLA CV

11.6

9.3

12.3

7.3

9.2

–

–

13.0

20.2

12.0

Leaf area CV

30.6

27.7

27.6

22.2

21.9

–

–

21.9

33.3

26.3

Impatiens glandulifera

# pops

6

6

0

5

6

5

6

0

0

34

Plant height CV

19.5

23.0

–

15.3

15.6

19.2

22.9

–

–

19.4

Seed mass CV

19.5

23.1

–

17.9

19.3

18.6

18.7

–

–

19.6

Leaf area CV

23.0

38.3

–

26.4

30.8

42.8

51.1

–

–

36.7