Seasonal rainfall at long-term migratory staging sites is associated with altered carry-over effects in a Palearctic-African migratory bird

Table 1 Estimated staging areas for great reed warblers caught in Zambia in 2011 and 2012

Cluster	2011	2012	Years combined
1	3 (12 %)	2 (5 %)	5 (8 %)
2	18 (72 %)	32 (84 %)	50 (79 %)
3	4 (16 %)	4 (11 %)	8 (13 %)
4	0 (0 %)	0 (0 %)	0 (0 %)

Cluster 1: Congo Basin, north Africa, and pockets of west Africa, southern Africa, and Madagascar; cluster 2: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and southern portions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo but also to extreme west Africa; cluster 3: a broad arc spanning the Atlantic coast of Senegal, south and east toward the Congo Basin, along Africa’s eastern shoreline and westward into Botswana and Namibia; cluster 4: horn of Africa and the north-eastern Sahel region; see Fig. 3 in [40] for details. Staging clusters were estimated via a triple isotope cluster analysis, using isotope values (δ ¹⁵N, δ ¹³C, δ ²H) from tail feathers moulted during staging. The number of birds assigned to each cluster is included along with the corresponding proportion

ISSN: 1472-6785