Effects of elevated CO2 on photosynthetic traits of native and invasive C3 and C4 grasses

Hager, Heather A.; Ryan, Geraldine D.; Kovacs, Hajnal M.; Newman, Jonathan A.

doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0082-z

BMC Ecology

Table 3 Results of pre-planned contrasts for photosynthetic and growth measures of C₃ vs. C₄ and invasive vs. noninvasive species groups at 14 weeks of growth (see Table 1)

From: Effects of elevated CO₂ on photosynthetic traits of native and invasive C₃ and C₄ grasses

	C₃ vs. C₄ photosynthesis
	All species	Within CO₂
	All species	390 ppm	700 ppm	1000 ppm
Photo.	F_1,44 = 0.5	F_1,138 = 1.6	F_1,138 = 0.0	F_1,138 = 0.0
Cond.	***	***	**	**
Cond.	F _1,47 = 31.9	F _1,140 = 15.6	F _1,140 = 7.8	F _1,140 = 10.5
SD (top)	***	**	***	***
SD (top)	F _1,45 = 12.3	F _1,112 = 10.0	F _1,112 = 16.4	F _1,112 = 15.0
SD (bot.)	***	***	***	***
SD (bot.)	F _1,48 = 494.2	F _1,129 = 234.0	F _1,129 = 240.1	F _1,129 = 244.3
SLA	*
SLA	F _1,46 = 5.4	F_1,140 = 2.4	F_1,140 = 0.6	F_1,140 = 2.4
Tillers	***	***	***	***
Tillers	F _1,37 = 319.5	F _1,109 = 165.5	F _1,107 = 90.0	F _1,107 = 121.1
%N	***	***	***	***
%N	F _1,28 = 131.2	F _1,84 = 58.7	F _1,84 = 57.2	F _1,84 = 28.0
%C	***	*	**
%C	F _1,28 = 16.13	F _1,84 = 6.7	F _1,84 = 11.0	F _1,84 = 2.1
C:N	***	***	***	***
C:N	F _1,28 = 121.0	F _1,83 = 56.6	F _1,83 = 58.8	F _1,83 = 27.2
Shoot	***	***	***	***
Shoot	F _1,26 = 67.5	F _1,75 = 45.9	F _1,76 = 24.2	F _1,76 = 27.7
Root	***	***	***	***
Root	F _1,26 = 171.2	F _1,82 = 73.4	F _1,82 = 39.3	F _1,82 = 75.0

	Invasive vs. Noninvasive
	All species	C₃ species	C₄ species	Within CO₂			C₃ species within CO₂			C₄ species within CO₂
	All species	C₃ species	C₄ species	390 ppm	700 ppm	1000 ppm	390 ppm	700 ppm	1000 ppm	390 ppm	700 ppm	1000 ppm
								†
Photo.	F_1,44 = 0.4	F_1,44 = 0.2	F_1,44 = 0.1	F_1,138 = 0.4	F_1,138 = 2.7	F_1,138 = 0.0	F_1,138 = 1.0	F_1,138 = 3.0	F_1,138 = 0.0	F_1,138 = 0.2	F_1,138 = 0.5	F_1,138 = 0.1
				†				**
Cond.	F_1,47 = 1.9	F_1,47 = 0.0	F_1,47 = 0.0	F_1,140 = 3.5	F_1,140 = 0.2	F_1,140 = 0.9	F_1,140 = 1.9	F _1,140 = 2.6	F_1,140 = 0.1	F_1,140 = 0.0	F_1,140 = 0.0	F_1,140 = 0.0
	***		***	†	*	***				*	*	**
SD (top)	F _1,45 = 12.3	F_1,45 = 1.3	F _1,45 = 17.5	F_1,112 = 3.5	F _1,112 = 6.6	F _1,112 = 11.4	F_1,112 = 1.2	F_1,112 = 0.2	F_1,112 = 1.0	F _1,112 = 6.2	F _1,112 = 6.7	F _1,112 = 17.9
		***	**				***	**	***	*	†	**
SD (bot.)	F_1,48 = 0.1	F _1,48 = 24.2	F _1,48 = 11.9	F_1,129 = 0.3	F_1,129 = 0.4	F_1,129 = 0.8	F _1,129 = 13.7	F _1,129 = 8.2	F _1,129 = 13.8	F _1,129 = 5.9	F_1,129 = 3.0	F _1,129 = 9.4
	***	***		*		**	***		***
SLA	F _1,46 = 12.4	F _1,46 = 21.8	F_1,46 = 0.0	F _1,140 = 6.2	F_1,140 = 0.1	F _1,140 = 9.9	F _1,140 = 14.3	F_1,140 = 0.2	F _1,140 = 12.5	F_1,140 = 0.2	F_1,140 = 0.1	F_1,140 = 0.5
	*	***	***		**		*	***	***		***	†
Tillers	F _1,37 = 4.3	F _1,36 = 33.0	F _1,37 = 13.2	F_1,110 = 0.2	F _1,107 = 8.1	F_1,107 = 2.3	F _1,107 = 6.4	F _1,107 = 13.5	F _1,107 = 20.5	F_1,111 = 1.8	F _1,107 = 14.3	F_1,107 = 2.8
		***					*	*	**
% N	F_1,28 = 0.7	F _1,28 = 19.5	F_1,28 = 0.1	F_1,84 = 1.7	F_1,84 = 0.8	F_1,84 = 1.1	F _1,84 = 5.9	F _1,84 = 4.3	F _1,84 = 11.6	F_1,84 = 0.3	F_1,84 = 0.1	F_1,84 = 0.7
	†	***				*	*	*	**
% C	F_1,28 = 4.1	F _1,28 = 20.4	F_1,28 = 0.4	F_1,84 = 0.8	F_1,84 = 0.0	F _1,84 = 5.9	F _1,84 = 6.6	F _1,84 = 5.0	F _1,84 = 8.0	F_1,84 = 0.0	F_1,84 = 0.1	F_1,84 = 2.4
		***					*	*	***
C:N	F_1,28 = 0.1	F _1,28 = 20.6	F_1,28 = 0.2	F_1,83 = 1.3	F_1,83 = 0.7	F_1,83 = 1.8	F _1,83 = 6.7	F _1,83 = 5.0	F _1,83 = 12.9	F_1,83 = 0.3	F_1,83 = 0.1	F_1,83 = 1.1
	***	†	**	***	**	***				*	†	**
Shoot	F _1,26 = 39.7	F_1,26 = 3.0	F _1,27 = 12.9	F _1,75 = 24.0	F _1,76 = 10.7	F _1,76 = 23.4	F_1,75 = 2.0	F_1,76 = 0.4	F_1,75 = 2.2	F _1,75 = 6.5	F_1,75 = 3.2	F _1,77 = 9.1
	***	**	*	***	*	***	**		†			*
Root	F _1,26 = 62.4	F _1,26 = 9.5	F _1,27 = 5.4	F _1,82 = 33.3	F _1,82 = 6.8	F _1,82 = 33.9	F _1,82 = 8.4	F_1,82 = 0.5	F_1,82 = 3.9	F_1,83 = 2.5	F_1,82 = 0.0	F _1,83 = 5.6

Values in italics represent significant effects
^† P < 0.10; * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001
Photo. photosynthetic rate, Cond. conductance, SD stomatal density; bot. bottom, SLA specific leaf area

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