Figure 1

Coefficients of direct and delayed density dependence. A) The average autoregressive coefficients of direct (1+b₁) (solid columns) and delayed (b₂) (open columns) density dependence are given for each of the four predator treatments (n = 40 in each bar) Vertical lines given for each bar are standard error of means. B) The response in delayed density dependence, b₂, to increasing fragmentation for each of the four predator treatments: Specialist-exposed (open diamonds), intermediate (solid triangles) generalist-exposed (open circles), and predator-free populations (solid circles). One point represents one time series, 160 in total. The corresponding linear regression lines for each predator treatment are denoted as: specialist (dashed line), intermediate (dotted line), generalists (dash/dotted line) and predator free (solid line). Regression lines explain 94%, 94%, 86% and <1% of the variation, respectively.