Figure 1From: Population response to climate change: linear vs. non-linear modeling approachesPopulation growth rate (R t = X t - Xt-1) of wolves versus ln-transformed density in the previous year (Xt-1). Solid lines indicate non-linear spline functions, and dashed lines indicate 95% confidence bands, estimated with generalized additive models. These plots suggest a threshold at ~3.25–3.50 wolves on a loge scale. The linear relationship below this threshold suggests weak density dependence while the relationship above this threshold suggests that density dependence is stronger at higher densities.Back to article page