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Figure 3 | BMC Ecology

Figure 3

From: Disentangling direct and indirect effects of experimental grassland management and plant functional-group manipulation on plant and leafhopper diversity

Figure 3

Structural equation model showing indirect and direct treatment effects on leafhoppers. The graph shows the minimal adequate structural equation model with N = 72, X2 = 18.7, P = 0.664, 22 degrees of freedom and a root mean squared error of approximation of 0.00 (90% confidence interval = [0, 0.081]). Rectangles represent observed variables (organism abundance and diversity = species richness), ellipses represent latent variables. Solid (dashed) arrows indicate positive (negative) relationships among variables. Numbers next to arrows and boxes are standardized path coefficients. Design variables were specified as numeric variables. Fertilizer application: no fertilizer = 0; NPK-fertilizer = 1; cutting frequency; one cut per year = 0; three cuts per year = 1; and Graminoid enhancement: graminoid-reduced = -1; control = 0; forb-reduced = 1.

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