Figure 1

Spatial and temporal characteristics of the study area. a) Location and landscape features of the Chivaraidze Communal Game Ranch in northern Zimbabwe; b) Density of the impala population during the study period (2002-2003) estimated from the proportion of marked animals through capture-mark-recapture modelling (mean ± 95% CI; see [31]); c) Amount of annual precipitations from the time of introduction of impalas in the study area (1999-2000) to the study period (2002-2003); the long-term average annual rainfall (solid line: 1981-2003) is provided for reference (Zimbabwean Department of Meteorological Services, Harare).