BMC Ecology

Table 2 Effects of the manipulation of dietary carotenoid availability on yellow and green plumage coloration (chroma) and detectability (visual contrast in jnd) in blue tits.

From: The carotenoid-continuum: carotenoid-based plumage ranges from conspicuous to cryptic and back again

		males						females						ANOVA
		control			carotenoid suppl.			control			carotenoid suppl.			sex	treat.	s × t	adj. R²
		mean	SE	N	mean	SE	N	mean	SE	N	mean	SE	N
yellow breast	chroma	0.238	0.003	11	0.281	0.003	9	0.239	0.002	10	0.273	0.004	10	NS	**	NS	0.77
	Contrast _U_G	8.59	0.21	11	7.86	0.08	9	8.48	0.14	10	7.46	0.13	10	NS	**	NS	0.45
	Contrast _V_G	6.93	0.24	11	5.08	0.07	9	6.91	0.15	10	5.18	0.16	10	NS	**	NS	0.72
	Contrast _U_B	7.68	0.22	11	7.37	0.13	9	7.44	0.16	10	6.68	0.13	10	**	**	NS	0.3
	Contrast _V_B	5.50	0.27	11	3.95	0.17	9	5.33	0.17	10	3.67	0.18	10	NS	**	NS	0.6
green back	chroma	0.201	0.002	11	0.224	0.002	9	0.210	0.002	10	0.237	0.002	10	**	**	NS	0.85
	Contrast _U_G	11.63	0.28	11	9.30	0.16	9	10.60	0.13	10	8.25	0.19	10	**	**	NS	0.8
	Contrast _V_G	10.09	0.31	11	6.57	0.25	9	9.27	0.18	10	5.80	0.24	10	**	**	NS	0.83
	Contrast _U_B	11.41	0.30	11	9.27	0.19	9	10.02	0.12	10	7.90	0.20	10	**	**	NS	0.78
	Contrast _V_B	9.60	0.33	11	6.20	0.27	9	8.36	0.17	10	4.93	0.27	10	**	**	NS	0.82

Values of contrast are modelled for U- and V-type eyes (represented by U and V respectively) and for average green and brown backgrounds (G and B respectively). Presented are means, standard errors (SE), sample sizes (N) and significance values for each factor (sex, treatment and their interaction) in ANOVAs (**p < 0.01; NS = not significant, p > 0.05).

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