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Table 1 Studies of Pacific dunlin on the Fraser River estuary made in winter, from 1971 to the present.

From: Winter body mass and over-ocean flocking as components of danger management by Pacific dunlins

Winter

Observer

Methods

Over-ocean flocking?

1971/72

R. Drent

Surveys/observations [42]

No

1976

P. Major

dunlin 3D flock structure [43]

No

1977/80

G. Kaiser

frequent mist-netting [27] (pers. comm.)

seen once

1979/80

K. Fry

regular high tide counts 27 surveys; [19]

seen on occasion during fall migration

1981/84

A. Farr

dunlin foraging ecology [44]

observed when tide and wind very high

1989/90 1990/91

R. Butler

regular high tide counts, 29 surveys [26]

No

1995/98

P. Shepherd

Ph.D. study [31]

See frequently in all years

all years

R. Swanston

many birding visits, plus radar from ferry

first noted March 1996, regular occurrence since (pers. comm.)

all years

R. Butler

many visits

first noted April 26, 1994 (pers. comm.)

1997/2000

L. Evans Ogden

Ph.D. study [39]

seen frequently in all years

1994/2003

D. Dekker

152 observation days [24]

seen regularly in all years

2006 (Jan)

D. Dekker

detailed observations see Fig. 1

Seen 15/17 d, averaging 2.75 h

2005/2007

Y. Zharikov

dunlin feeding dispersion [45]

seen frequently; (pers. comm.)

  1. 'Over-ocean flocking?' asks whether the observer describes this phenomenon in the report, or, during later interview, recalled seeing it.