Figure 2

Observed time series data (dots) on interannual dynamics of (A) wolves, (B) moose, and (C) balsam fir on Isle Royale, 1958–88; and best-fit autoregressive models at each trophic level (see Table 1), shown as one-step-ahead predicted values (solid lines) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). Goodness-of-fit measures for each of the models are given in Table 1.